P-35
Total package nitrogen analysis - development and use.
JON W. BROWN, Jeffery A. Hodgson, Hilary L. Jones, and Alan I. Kennedy, Scottish
Courage Brewing Ltd.
When using nitrogen gas during the processing and packaging of beer a quantity will end up being incorporated into the final package. This incorporated gas will partition between the gas phase and the liquid phase. The content of the liquid phase will typically be specified and need to be controlled to this specification. The dissolved nitrogen content may be specified as being below a given level to avoid potentially deleterious effects or within a range to give a desirable product benefit. The purpose of this work was to develop an analytical method for use in process development to predict in-package dissolved nitrogen contents at various temperatures and fill volumes. Additionally by use of the total package nitrogen concept process parameters could be defined in order to ensure final package specifications could and would be met. Dissolved nitrogen analysis was carried out using an Orbisphere 3654 to the manufacturers instructions. Both keg and bottle products were analysed by pressurising the container to the specified top pressure and adjusting the back pressure on the meter to ensure the correct flow rate was maintained. The estimation of total package nitrogen was achieved by deriving an equation for a multiplication factor to be applied to the dissolved nitrogen analysis result. This equation also required a knowledge of the relative volumes of beer and headspace and was derived in a manner analogous to that used by Vilacha and Uhlig (Brauwelt Int.,1985). Using this method two processes have been optimised to meet in-keg dissolved nitrogen specifications, one at 5 - 15 ppm and the other at 40 - 50 ppm. The approach has allowed for bright beer dissolved nitrogen, kegging mixed gas (CO2/N2) ratio, and kegging back pressure to be defined in order to best meet the specification. Similarly in a bottling development the total package nitrogen analysis was particularly useful in elucidating the relative merits and effectiveness of different process parameters in the attainment of the final in-package dissolved nitrogen specification.
Jon Brown graduated from Oxford University in 1981 with a BA(hons) in Chemistry. After completing a PhD in Organic Reaction Mechanisms at UC Cardiff he went on to post-doctoral work on diagnostic reagents at Keele University. He joined BRF (now BRi) in 1986 doing research primarily in flavour stability and hop chemistry. From BRF he joined Grand Metropolitan Brewing in 1989 and has subsequently worked for Courage and Scottish Courage. In these companies he has held various positions in product development, analytical, brewing and quality R&D and is currently Packaging Development Manager. Within the IGB he is the examiner for the packaging paper for the Diploma Master Brewer examination.