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VIEW ARTICLE    DOI: 10.1094/ASBCJ-63-0157

Enantioselective Formation Pathway of a Trihydroxy Fatty Acid During Mashing. Leif-Alexander Garbe (1), Holger Hübke, and Roland Tressl, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Analysis; Research and Teaching Institute for Brewing in Berlin / Germany (VLB), Seestrasse 13, D-13353 Berlin. (1) Corresponding author. Phone: +49.30.45080.231; Fax: +49.30.314.27544; E-mail: <Leif-A.Garbe@TU-Berlin.de> J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 63(4):157-162, 2005. Accepted January 23, 2005.

The lipoxygenases from barley (LOX-1) and malt (LOX-1 and LOX-2) catalyze the peroxidation of linoleic acid into 9-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid and 13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (HPODE). LOX-1 and LOX-2 accept free linoleic acid and nonpolar and polar glycerol esterified linoleic acid as substrates. The reactive hydroperoxides (HPODE) are e.g., reduced to the corresponding hydroxides (HODE). In finished malt, 9 ppm free HODE, 100 ppm triacylglycerol esterified HODE, and 66 ppm polar esterified HODE were analyzed by isotope dilution assay ((^18)O(1)-13-HODE). Rearrangement products of HPODEs, the epoxyols, are hydrolyzed to trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (THOE). These THOE isomers were investigated in detail. The positional isomers of THOE, 9,10,13- and 9,12,13-THOE, represent eight diastereomers and eight enantiomers, respectively. During mashing, a hitherto unknown enzyme cascade is activated, which only leads to the formation of (9S,12S,13S)-THOE that can be analyzed as free acid in wort and finally in beer. This reaction sequence is highly regio- and stereoselective and may serve as a plant signaling pathway. The 9S,12S,13S-THOE isomer was formerly described as fungicide in rice blast disease and recently as an antiviral compound. Compared with mono- and dihydroxy fatty acids, the trihydroxy fatty acids are poorly degraded by yeast, and thus, accumulate in beer. Keywords: Analysis, Enantiomer, Lipoxygenase, 2E-nonenal, Wort


Camino de Formación Enantioselectivo de un Ácido Grasoso Trihidroxi Durante Maceración

Los lipoxigenases de cebada (LOX-1) y malta (LOX-1 y LOX-2) catalizan la peroxidacion de ácido linoleico en ácido 9-hidroperoxi-10E, 12Z-octadecadienoico y ácido 13-hidroperoxi-9Z,11E-octadecadienoico (HPODE). LOX-1 y LOX-2 aceptan ácido linoleico libre y ácido linoleico glicerol esterificado polar y no polar como substratos. Por ejemplo los hidroperóxidos (HPODE) reactivos se reducen a hidróxidos (HODE) correspondientes. En malta finalizada, 9 ppm de HODE libre, 100 ppm de HODE triacilglicerol esterificado, y 66 ppm de HODE polar esterificado fueron analizados por análisis de dilusión de isótopo ((^18)O(1)-13-HODE). Productos de reorganización de HPODEs, los epoxiols, se hidrolizan a ácidos trihidroxioctadecenoico (THOE). Estos isómeros de THOE fueron investigados detalladamente. Los isómeros posicionales de THOE,9,10,13- y 9,12,13-THOE, representan ocho diastereomeros y ocho enantiomeros, respectivamente. Durante maceración, se activa una cascada de enzima hasta ahora desconocida, la cual solo conduce a la formación (9S, 12S, 13S)-THOE que se puede analizar como ácido libre en mosto y finalmente en cerveza. Esta secuencia de reacción es altamente regio- y estereoselectiva y puede servir como señala de camino de planta. El isómero 9S,12S,13S-THOE fue anteriormente descrito como fungicida de la enfermedad ráfaga de arroz y recientemente como compuesto antivirus. Comparado a ácidos grasosos mono- y dihidroxi, los ácidos grasosos trihidroxi se degradan mal por la levadura, y así, se acumulan en la cerveza. Palabras claves: Análisis, Enantiomero, Lipoxigenasa, Mosto, 2E-nonenal

 
 
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The ASBC Journal publishes scientific papers, review articles, and technical reports dealing with the chemistry and microbiology of brewing ingredients and relevant technology, as well as the analytical techniques used in the malting and brewing industry.